Essay #6 Peer Review Draft

Hey, Group!
This is my draft for essay #6. I put in some notes in italics so you could see where I am going to add more. I had some trouble with this essay, so any suggestions you have would be awesome. I know I need to define "mall culture" a little better in the third paragraph, and I plan on doing it after the peer review. I have another article that I found last night that is about mall culture and fine art, and how the two relate. It's a really neat article, so I will be adding at least a paragraph or two to discuss that. Finally, I couldn't really find much for a counter-argument. Everyone seems to sort of agree that there is a mall culture, so if you have any counter-arguments, let me have it! I have a little bit of an idea for a counter, but I am sort of stuck with it, so I want to see what you guys say before I go with it. Thanks for your feedback!

Lisa Dunbar
Lauren Servais
Engl 1A
8 Dec 2008

Mall America

For intro: where malls originated from (Underhill, 4), consumerism (from fine art of shopping article), and/or the rocks & water quote from “mall together now.”

Most people go to the mall, get what they need and leave, not returning until the next time they need a new pair of shoes or they read in the Sunday paper that Macy’s is having a big sale. These people don’t see the mall as recreational or fun, they just go because they need a specific product or service. Factor out this group of people, and you are left with a different type of population. The people that are left, who are they? On the surface, they are shoppers, workers, and mallrats. Together, they belong to a culture that is widely unrecognized as a whole. Most people do not realize that there is such a thing as “mall culture,” or that it plays such a huge part in shaping us as a society.

There are many parts that make up this mall culture as a whole, ranging from young to old, rich to poor, and everywhere in between. Just like the United States, the mall is a melting pot: so many different types of people come to the mall, and while they are there, they are a part of the whole. There’s the trophy wife wandering around with a Frappuccino and an armful of shopping bags, the exasperated mother who drops her kids off at the toy store so she can do her shopping in peace, and the man picking out a gift for his wife at the jewelry store. Once school gets out, the mall is overrun with teenagers trying on clothes they have no money to buy, and filling their stomachs with sticky-sweet cinnamon rolls. And then there are the “mallrats,” who steal change out of the fountain in the middle of the mall and hang around the front entrance after the merchants have security chase them out. Last, but certainly not least, are the mall employees who are the oil of the shopping machine, so to speak.

Some might argue that there is no such thing as “mall culture,” but in the words of a teenage mall queen, “Whatever. There totally is.” I worked in the mall for ten years; three of which were spent managing a candy store and an “old-lady shoe store,” and seven of which were spent managing a “California Teen Lifestyle” retailer. One might think I am generalizing and limiting my focus to the younger crowd, but in my years of working at the mall, I have realized that the culture includes so much more than just the teenage “valley girls” with their miniskirts and cell phones, and the boys with their baggy pants and noses for trouble.

On the other hand, quite a few of my friends and family agree that mall culture is sweeping the nation. I spoke with some co-workers at “Company X,” my most recent employer, and we came to the conclusion that not only is the mall a culture of its own, there are even smaller groups that make up sub-cultures within the mall. The largest one that comes to mind is the employees. You might, for example, go to the mall and realize that the girl who helped you find an outfit to wear to your cousin’s Christmas party is the same girl who sold you your work shoes at Sears five months ago. Practically everyone who works at the mall knows each other. It’s almost like a community within the culture; some employees become friends, and I have even known married couples who met while working at the mall. Malls create thousands of jobs, and the list is almost endless: maintenance workers, security guards, salespeople, store managers, mall managers, and much more than I could even begin to list right here. It is shocking to think how many Americans would be unemployed without the mall. Now that we have created this culture, it seems to own us.

What makes us go to the mall? For a teenage girl, it’s almost like a rite of passage to go to the mall with her friends. Free from the watchful eye of their parents, the girls try on forbidden bikinis, drink frappuccinos, and flirt with boys. Is this healthy behavior? Shouldn’t they be doing something more wholesome than learning to consume, especially unsupervised? I think so, and I’m not alone. I came across an article written for the New York Times Magazine by Firoozeh Dumas, about her 13-year-old daughter’s birthday trip to the mall, and although she allowed the trip to take place, she “…was not about to drop the girls off by themselves” (Dumas). Not done here…still another quote to add and respond to.

Some people go to the mall for the social aspect, and aren’t even there to shop. The teenage girls get all dolled up like their favorite starlets on the pages of Teen Vouge, and the mall is their catwalk. They strut their stuff, hoping to attract the stares of the teenage boys, who cruise the mall in packs, too shy to break away and approach. Moms pushing newborns in strollers come to the mall because they have to get out of the house, to have social interaction with anyone who speaks more than just baby talk. Old people go to the mall just to talk to someone, because they have no one at home to talk to. I’ve even seen a homeless man in there, talking to the soda machines. An alarming number of people go to the mall just because they’re bored and have nothing better to do. I can’t imagine having that much spare time, but I can’t speak for everyone. It’s almost like the mall has a magnetic pull, people go there and don’t even know why.

In our culture, the mall is a symbol of prosperity, and so if you go to the mall and leave with armfuls of shopping bags filled with goodies, then you must be prosperous. I mean, you can afford all the stuff you bought, right? If your credit card is still working, then no worries – at least until the bill shows up in your mailbox and you realize you are deeper in debt than you thought. So many of us fold under the pressure of the marketing schemes these retailers dream up that we end up broke, or worse, with a distorted body image. Even I almost fell for this a couple of times when I worked at “Company X.” We were given huge discounts on certain outfits so that we could wear them to work and “look the part,” in the hope that our impressionable teen target audience would want to look just like us and buy these exact outfits. There’s even a name for this type of strategy: “Brand Right.” What this means is, if you wear all the “cool” brands, then you, too, are cool. It is amazing to watch people pay to turn themselves into a walking billboard for a brand.

“Branding” is an important part of mall culture. These days, any card-carrying mallrat can take one look at you and be able to tell exactly which stores you shop at, just by the clothes you are wearing. In his book Call of the Mall, Paco Underhill says that “The store names do a good job of differentiating the tribes—you’ve got Pac Sun versus Abercrombie & Fitch versus Against All Odds” (Underhill 161). In my years working at the mall, this was very apparent to me. I’ll come clean on the identity of “Company X” – it’s Pac Sun, and it was directly across from Hot Topic. Most kids who shop at Hot Topic wouldn’t be caught dead shopping at Pac Sun because it isn’t “punk” enough for them, and most kids who shop at Pac Sun would rather die than shop at Abercrombie & Fitch because it’s “too preppy” for them. Suggest Old Navy or American Eagle to any of the aforementioned teenagers, and you’ll get shot down in a second. Why? What on earth is the difference? As an adult, think about which stores you shop at, and which ones you would never set foot inside. It’s the same concept, which Underhill refers to as “retail tribalism” (Underhill 161), and we all participate in it. We choose the tribe we want to identify with, and by what we are wearing, we show the world our loyalty. I shop at Old Navy, but I’d never set foot inside an Express store. I’m just as guilty as any other shopper, whether I want to admit it or not.

Don’t get me wrong – in theory, the mall is a great idea. My mom pointed out that she is drawn to the safety and convenience of the mall. She likes knowing that she can go to one place and get everything she needs without having to worry about driving from one shop to the next. It is one entity, enclosed and safe, where you can get just about anything your heart desires. Under one roof, you can get Craftsman tools, a push-up bra, a motorized robotic vacuum cleaner, 600-thread-count sheets, a lime-green Kitchenaid stand mixer, and a book about Chuck Norris. I’m not fibbing or stretching the truth, I really did see every one of these things on my last trip to the mall. Granted, most people don’t go to the mall looking for any of that stuff, but they take comfort in knowing that they wouldn’t have to run all over town searching for it if they needed it. In some ways I do, too. If I ever need something really outrageous, the mall is always the first place I go, and it rarely fails me.

Maybe the next time you go to the mall, you will read between the lines and become aware of the small parts that make up the mall culture. Maybe you won’t, and you still think there is no such thing. Are you denying it because you just don’t see it, or is it because you are afraid to admit you are a part of it? I didn’t see it at all before I worked there, and now it is all I can see on the rare occasion that I do visit the mall. When I go into the stores and see the energetic young employees, I can’t help but wonder if they see it too; and I look at the shoppers and wonder if they realize they are a part of it.

Works Cited

Dumas, Firoozeh. "Mall Together Now.(Magazine Desk)(LIVES)(Column)." The New York Times Magazine. (July 13, 2008): 66(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Santa Rosa Junior College Library. 8 Dec. 2008 .

Theil, Stefan. "The Fine Art of Shopping; A new museum exhibit celebrates the growing bond between high culture and mall culture :[Atlantic Edition]. " Newsweek 28 Oct. 2002: 86. Research Library Core. ProQuest. Santa Rosa Junior College Library. 8 Dec. 2008 http://www.proquest.com.proxy.www.santarosa.edu:2048/

Underhill, Paco. Call of the Mall. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005.

November 19 - Plagiarism

Response to question #1:

In this case, I do think the school's penalty was way too harsh. This was a program sponsored by the University, and there were students from other schools there. I have a few thoughts on the situation, first being that I don't think it was exactly fair that these students had their cases decided by professors instead of by students like they usually do it. However, I understand why it was done that way - they were out at sea and that process was not available. Second, I agree that there are only so many ways to say something, and the charge may have been a bit excessive. Third, I disagree with the University's decision to put the students ashore in a foreign country to fend for themselves. That's a bit much. I bet they were scared out of their minds. 

Essay #5

Okay group members (and whoever else is reading this), my essay isn't done yet, and I haven't organized my paragraphs. Some things will seem out of order, and if you have any ideas on how I could say something better, let me know. Please, tell me what you think! This papaer was written right after I worked my last shift at my mall job of seven years, and I felt kinda saturated while I was writing it. Happy reading, and thanks for your input.

Lisa Dunbar
Lauren Servais
Engl 1A
15 Nov 2008

Mall America

Most people go to the mall, get what they need, and leave; not returning until the next time they need a new pair of shoes or they read in the Sunday paper that Macy’s is having a big sale. These people don’t see the mall as recreational or fun, they just go because they need a specific product or service. Factor out this group of people, and you are left with a different type of population. These people who are still there, who are they? On the surface, there are shoppers, workers, and mallrats. Together, they belong to a culture that is widely unrecognized as a whole. Most people do not realize that there is such a thing as “mall culture,” or that it plays such a huge part in shaping us as a society.

Some might argue that there is no such thing as “mall culture,” but in the words of a teenage mall queen, “Whatever. There totally is.” I worked in the mall for ten years; three of which were spent managing a candy store and an “old-lady shoe store,” and seven of which were spent managing a “California Teen Lifestyle” retailer. One might think I am generalizing and limiting my focus to the younger crowd, but in my years of working at the mall, I have realized that the culture includes so much more than just the teenage “valley girls” with their miniskirts and cell phones, and the boys with their baggy pants and noses for trouble.

On the other hand, quite a few of my friends and family agree that mall culture is sweeping the nation. I spoke with some co-workers at “Company X,” and we came to the conclusion that not only is the mall a culture of its own, there are even smaller groups that make up sub-cultures within the mall. You might, for example, go to the mall and realize that the girl who helped you find an outfit to wear to your cousin’s Christmas party is the same girl who sold you your work shoes at Sears five months ago. As I worked at the mall year after year, I came to realize that there is sort of a hierarchy among the mall employees (expand on this).

There are many parts that make up this mall culture as a whole, ranging from young to old, rich to poor, and everywhere in between. Just like the United States, the mall is a melting pot: so many different types of people come to the mall, and while they are there, . There’s the trophy wife wandering around with a Frappuccino and an armful of shopping bags, the exasperated mother who drops her kids off at the toy store so she can do her shopping in peace, and the man picking out a gift for his wife at the jewelry store. Once school gets out, the mall is overrun with teenagers trying on clothes they have no money to buy, and filling their stomachs with sticky-sweet cinnamon rolls. And then there are the “mallrats,” who steal change out of the fountain in the middle of the mall and hang around the front entrance after the merchants have security chase them out. Last, but certainly not least, are the mall employees who are the oil of the shopping machine.

I have watched some of the same kids grow into teenagers, all the time being shaped by the things they see at the mall. (not even sure I'm going to deep this idea, put it somewhere else, or just trash it completely)

In our culture, the mall is a symbol of prosperity, and so if you go to the mall and leave with armfuls of shopping bags filled with goodies, then you must be prosperous. I mean, you can afford all the stuff you bought, right? (I think this is an important angle, I just didn't have time to type any more. Let me know what you think.)

Maybe the next time you go to the mall, you will read between the lines and become aware of the small parts that make up the mall culture. Maybe you won’t, and you still think there is no such thing. Are you denying it because you just don’t see it, or is it because you are afraid to admit you are a part of it? I didn’t see it at all before I worked there, and now ten years later I have to admit, I am a part of it. (not finished yet)

What role does the media play in teaching values?

I feel that the media has a huge role in teaching values, specifically the "male and female ideal" values that we have been discussing in class. When I was growing up, we didn't have cable TV at home, so we really didn't watch anything other than the evening news, or PBS programs. When I was young, I experienced little or none of the pressures that I do now to look a certain way. I never really wanted to look like Barbie because I just couldn't imagine how she walked around on her tippy-toes all the time, but boy does she project an image. I see how so many little girls are bombarded with images to live up to, and I can't believe they don't fold under pressure in higher numbers. I had Punky Brewster, who looked like a pretty average little girl, and  now there's Miley Cyrus, who is featured on Teen Vogue's "10 Best Dressed" list for September 2008, made to look as much like a grown-up as possible. http://www.teenvogue.com/style/bestdressed/topten?slide=3

I haven't even gotten started on the boys yet! I just googled that magazine, MH-18, and there is a picture of a totally ripped guy who doesn't even look like a teenager! The headlines include, "Drink This, Get Stronger," and "Get the Girl." 

Tell me, after you're done watching High School Musical that the media doesn't play a role in teaching values.

Response to Election Results

This was an historic election, as we all know. I am left feeling hopeful, yet at the same time, a bit disenchanted. I am absolutely thrilled that we elected Barack Obama to be our President. I am hopeful that he will energize us as a nation, encourage us, and engage the young population. I feel that President Bush helped create such a negative image of America, and Obama has the power to help us shed that image. I was so amazed at the turnout of young voters. I work at Starbucks, and we gave away free cups of coffee to people who voted yesterday. There was a constant stream of people coming in our door, excited to have voted, really feeling like they were a part of something, and that their vote counted. I have never seen so many young people this engaged in an election...A woman brought her 18-year-old daughter in right after voting, and she was so excited to have voted for the first time in her life; a 17-year-old boy came in wearing buttons showing support for his candidates, and I asked him if he had voted. When he said he wasn't old enough yet, I gave him a cup of coffee anyway. It felt good for me to go out and vote, then encourage others to do the same.
I am so sad that proposition 8 was passed. I believe that a basic human right was taken away from many people. I really thought that one would lose by a landslide. At the same time, we approved proposition 2, which, for someone such as myself, who was a strict vegetarian for the last 10 years, is great. But what does it say about us when we are willing to give farm animals more basic rights than human couples in love?

I kinda had to cut that off so I could head to class, so it is a little bit brief...but I feel it gets the general idea across.

Essay #4

This isn't a complete paper, but I wanted to bring what I have so I can get suggestions and feed back from you guys. I need to do some more research over the weekend because I want to come up with an alternative book for junior-high and high school English classes for when I say that Huck Finn isn't appropriate. I was thinking maybe To Kill A Mockingbird, does anybody have any suggestions? Also, I really haven't gone and pulled very many quotes to support my arguments. So, any feedback or questions you have are more than welcome! Thanks.


Lisa Dunbar
Lauren Servais
Engl 1A
22 Oct 2008

Sail On Down the River, Huckleberry

There is much controversy over whether or not The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is worthy of continued debate and discussion in English classrooms. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn does have a place in the classroom, however, not in a general-subject English 1A class.

Huckleberry Finn tends to get placed in English classes due to its status as a classic, more specifically the “quintessential Great American Novel.” This text has been built up so much, and as Jonathan Arac states, “…loaded with so much value in our culture that it has become an idol” (435). Many defenders of the novel state that since the novel is written using historical realism, it is a wonderful book, and does not contain any of the problems that critics call to our attention. (Pull quote from Arac’s opening statement)

One might think that I am suggesting The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be censored, or banned from schools altogether. That, however, is not the case at all. In my own experience, classes at the ninth and tenth-grade level may not be ready to approach and properly interpret the issues in the novel, mainly racism and the novel’s 213 uses of the “n-word.” Looking back on my tenth-grade English class, we had so much trouble with novels such as Lord of the Flies that there is no way we could have properly interpreted Huck Finn. I first read Huckleberry Finn in a college-level English 1A class, and I saw many students struggling with these issues still, even at that level, because we simply did not have the time allotted to discuss the text as thoroughly as we would have liked. Huckleberry Finn requires, and deserves, more thought and focus than we are able to give in an English 1A class. (use Peaches Henry’s essay for support in this paragraph)

Where, then, does this text belong? This text is so much better suited to a critical thinking course, or a philosophy course. Students taking a more advanced, critical-thinking based course such as English 5 (Advanced Composition and Critical Thinking) are given more opportunity to interpret the controversies in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel would provide great discussion for a History course on Race, Ethnicity and Gender in American Culture, such as History 21 offered at Santa Rosa Junior College.

Essay #3 - "The Golden Huckleberry"

Just in case anyone wants to take a look at my paper on Jonathan Arac's critical essay, here it is. Arac' s essay focuses on the idolatry of the novel and the controversy of racism. I thought he addressed a lot of good points. Please feel free to comment and give me feedback or ask any questions you want. Hope it helps!



Lisa Dunbar
Lauren Servais
Engl 1A
6 Oct 2008

The Golden Huckleberry

In his essay, “Huckleberry Finn as Idol and Target,” Jonathan Arac addresses the idolatry surrounding Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In this essay, Arac’s purpose is “to disrupt what he regards as this excessive identification so that we may acknowledge the novel’s flaws as well as its virtues”(360). Arac’s main point of discussion is, “Huckleberry Finn is a wonderful book that has been loaded with so much value in our culture that it has become an idol”(435). In order to prove his point, Arac analyzes this idolatry and explores some of the consequences of idolizing this text, focusing on racism and the use of the “n-word.” In four sections, Arac presents and discusses this idolatry in relation to Huckleberry Finn being regarded as the “quintessential Great American Novel,” in order to disrupt the mainstream idolatry.

Arac begins to disrupt this idolatry by first pointing out that once Hemingway questioned the ending of the novel, readers have found the ending to be a problem. To further support this argument, Arac states that, “when a work is an idol, its memory can be used to supply any desired perfection”(436). In fact, Huckleberry Finn is not perfect, and many readers, authorities and critics have cited the novel for its “vulgarity”(438), and its use of the “n-word.” Arac writes that when Lionel Trilling wrote the introduction for Rinehart’s college text version of Huckleberry Finn, it was “hyperbolic praise” for the novel, and “proved the book’s open sesame into college canonicity”(437). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been built up so much by readers and critics, who maintain their defense that it is the “quintessential Great American Novel.” The novel has been given so much value and reached such an iconic status that “to question Huckleberry Finn is to be un-American”(437).

The problem with Huckleberry Finn, Arac states, is the book’s ‘213 uses of the deeply offensive term “nigger”’(439). The use of this word creates a huge problem for parents and students, making them very uncomfortable, since the novel is required reading in the classroom, starting at the junior high level. Any time a library or school appears to be sympathetic to this discomfort, “The standard pattern is for journalists to draw authority from scholars to dump on parents and children”(440). Arac does not agree with this pattern, and that is the basis for the book that this essay is excerpted from. The excessive use of this offensive term creates another problem with Huckleberry Finn: since the book was published, Jim is referred to as “Nigger Jim” by readers and defenders of the novel. The problem? Jim is never once called “Nigger Jim” in the book itself. Arac asserts that readers are so blinded by the idolatry of Huckleberry Finn that they are willing to ignore this horrible mistake.

Arac begins his discussion of the “n-word” by calling to mind Detective Mark Fuhrman’s use of the word at the O.J. Simpson murder trial. He asks of the reader, “...should people of goodwill unhesitatingly maintain that a word banned from CNN and USA Today must be required in the eighth grade classroom?”(442). Arac asserts that possibly, the idolatry of Huckleberry Finn allows the reader to think that this term is somehow still acceptable, when in fact, it is terribly outdated, derogatory, and should no longer be used. Arac leaves the reader with a frightening comparison:

Have the discussions concerning Huckleberry Finn shown a comparable respect for the citizens—parents or children—who find themselves pained, offended, or frightened by the permission Huckleberry Finn gives to the circulation of an abusive term in classroom and schoolyard? The difference is clear enough: in one instance it’s a murder trial, in the other instance it’s just kids’ lives.(448)

Arac makes an extremely startling point here that no one has used arguments as powerful as the ones used against the “n-word” in the O.J. Simpson trial when it comes to defending decisions not to teach this novel. We should not have to be subjected to this sort of abusive language in our daily lives, but it is okay to subject our children to it in eighth-grade classrooms. How many people must we hurt and alienate before we realize that this word is a problem?

Irony, realism, and historicism are the three main categories on which Huckleberry Finn is argued and defended. Arac chooses to focus on the irony, citing that “…Huck does not know, and every reader the book has ever had does know, that American slavery was historically doomed, and it vanished between the time of the book’s action (about 1845) and its publication (about 1885)”(451). So in short, if Huck is willing to go to Hell for Jim, why can’t he stop using such a morally indefensible term to refer to Jim? If Twain’s use of the term “nigger” is indeed an irony, do all readers even see an irony? Supposing the reader does see the irony, Arac suggests that they place two parts of the book together for relation: Huck’s decision early in the story to go to “the bad place” (page 33), and his decision later on to tear up the letter he wrote to Miss Watson. The reader would then see that these two parts contradict each other, and Huck’s decision to go to Hell isn’t so important after all.

Arac draws the conclusion that Huckleberry Finn attempts to create moments of the sublime, causing the reader to join with the author and character, and this is the basis for the idolatry. Readers are then “…highly protective of the characters in which they are invested, and at the same time will feel themselves intimately threatened by anything that seems to criticize or diminish either Huck or Twain”(454). Since this novel is regarded as the “quintessential Great American Novel,” will we ever be rid of this attitude towards it? Will we still be forced to identify with a text that makes us uncomfortable in the classroom and beyond? If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is to continue being regarded as the “quintessential Great American novel,” then what does that say about us as Americans? Arac is not agreeing that those readers who are able to recognize its flaws are unAmerican, he is suggesting that we really look at the consequences of those flaws and the idolatry they help to create.

Response to Essay Prompts

I am going to use the "They Say/I Say" template to engage in the conversation about The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, focusing on Jonathan Arac's critical essay. I agree with Arac, that the book is sort of "loaded," and seen as an idol; and while it may be a "wonderful book," we should be able to see and acknowledge its flaws as well. Arac presents a sound argument, discussing the novel's excessive use of the "n-word," which by today's standards, ought to be unacceptable in schools. Also, I am going to discuss the third topic, because Arac addresses it in his essay. I really don't think that Huck Finn is worthy of continued debate and discussion in general-subject matter English classes because it is so outdated, and so excessively uses a taboo racist term. I can see its purpose in a more focused class, maybe if you are an English major and you are studying American authors of that time period, for example. But in junior high schools? No way. The blatant racism in the novel just does not have a place in today's society, and should not be tolerated in our classrooms. I think that when this book is taught in schools, it presents a huge problem, and we need to be careful not to buy into the idolatry and just accept its flaws because a bunch of "great literary minds" have decided it is the "quintessential Great American Novel."

English 1A

practice, practice, practice!